Does anyone knows the inventor of LiDAR ?
LiDAR discovered by hendy in 1976.Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is well known in the examples of weapon ranging, laser illuminated homing of projectiles.Lidar services is used to detect and measure the concentration of various chemicals in the atmosphere, while airborne LIDAR can be used to measure heights of objects and features on the ground more accurately than with radar technology. Vegetation remote sensing is a principle application of LIDAR.
Showing posts with label remote sensing services. Show all posts
Showing posts with label remote sensing services. Show all posts
Thursday, January 28, 2010
Monday, November 2, 2009
What is Photogrammetry services?
We all knows that Photogrammetry is a remote sensing technology developed in which geometric properties about objects are determined from photographic images.
Photogrammetry is used in different fields, such as topographic mapping, architecture, engineering, manufacturing, quality control, weather forecasting, police investigation, and geology. Also it is very helpful to archaeologists to produce plans of large or complex sites and by meteorologists as a way to determine the actual wind speed of a tornado where objective weather data cannot be obtained. It is also used to combine live action with computer generated imagery in movie post-production.
Digital photogrammetry in GIS services includes Aerial triangulation,Aerial photogrammetry service, DTM DEM generation, orthophoto production and rectification, color balancing, Ortho mosaicing and tile generation, pan sharpening, contour generation, digital elevation model (DEM) extraction, 3D terain visualization, orthophotography services,geo-rectification services, photogrammetry service,Orthophoto rectification service,orthophoto generation,remote sensing services and LiDAR data processing services.
Photogrammetry is used in different fields, such as topographic mapping, architecture, engineering, manufacturing, quality control, weather forecasting, police investigation, and geology. Also it is very helpful to archaeologists to produce plans of large or complex sites and by meteorologists as a way to determine the actual wind speed of a tornado where objective weather data cannot be obtained. It is also used to combine live action with computer generated imagery in movie post-production.
Digital photogrammetry in GIS services includes Aerial triangulation,Aerial photogrammetry service, DTM DEM generation, orthophoto production and rectification, color balancing, Ortho mosaicing and tile generation, pan sharpening, contour generation, digital elevation model (DEM) extraction, 3D terain visualization, orthophotography services,geo-rectification services, photogrammetry service,Orthophoto rectification service,orthophoto generation,remote sensing services and LiDAR data processing services.
Monday, February 2, 2009
CAD services and Georeferencing
The word ‘georeferencing’ was originally used to describe the process of referencing a map image to a geographic location.
To describe it now, georeferencing is a process of taking an image and assigning geographic coordinates to it or to georeference something means to define its existence in the physical space by establishing a relation between raster or vector images to map projections or coordinate systems. When data from different sources need to be compiled and used in any GIS application, it is important to have a common referencing system. This is brought about by using various georeferencing techniques.
The process of georeferencing
Georeferencing usually refers to the method by which locations in raster and vector GIS files are related to real earth-surface positions.
Raster data is often taken by scanning maps or collecting aerial photographs and satellite images. Scanned map datasets usually do not have any spatial reference information. The location information delivered with aerial photography and satellite imagery might be inadequate and the data need not align correctly with some other data you possess.
In order to use some raster datasets in conjunction with other spatial data, you sometimes need to align or georeference them to a map coordinate system which can be defines using a map projection to display the curved surface of the earth on a flat surface.
Georeference a raster dataset means defining its location using map coordinates and assigning a coordinate system. This process allows it to be viewed, queried, and analyzed in comparison with other geographic data.
How can you georeference a raster dataset?
Add the raster dataset to be aligned to your projected data in ArcMap.
Add control points that connect known raster dataset positions to the map coordinate positions.
When the alignment becomes correct, save the georeferencing information (registration) for further use.
Though Geomatics users are familiar with the term ‘georeferening’, many of the CAD users are not much aware of the term and the use of georeferencing in CAD.
Why is it needed?
A raster image has no particular size as it is made up of pixels. The size of the vectorised CAD/GIS drawing is determined by the raster's pixel dimensions, without georeferencing. The image resolution (DPI) can determine this. This image size usually has no relationship with the size of the drawing that the raster represents.
A CAD file is usually drawn in a local coordinate system and depicts spatial information which can be drawn accurately without being fixed to a higher global coordinate system. However, when the drawing needs to be related to a higher level in a mapping context with data from many different sources, tools in ArcMap can easily reposition a CAD file and integrate it into that higher level without altering the CAD file.
First thing is to find out two points on the CAD file that matches with two points in the map for which we can use the Georeferencing toolbar in ArcMap.
Different tools on the toolbar can support different workflows and below listed is an easy way to describe georeferencing a CAD file.
First step is to load the CAD drawing and ensure that one of the CAD feature layers are listed in the drop down menu of the georeferencing toolbar.
Zooming to the place roughly on the map where the CAD drawing is to be related is the next step. You can use the ‘fit to display’ tool on the menu to fix the CAD file in the map frame.
ArcMap snapping helps accurate placement of the CAD file which makes precise selection of control points based on existing geometry. Use the ‘rotate’ tool if the CAD file needs to be rotated to get the drawing nearer to its final position. This enables easy picking of control points.
You can use the interactive scaling tool also for the above mentioned reason.
Now when you select the ‘update georeferencing’ option, this creates a .WLD file that will be read from now on to put your CAD file in the right place.
Finally, the coordinates are always adjusted into this position. Now you can select a coordinate system for your CAD drawing so that you can assign or project its coordinates with reference to the map or during any other geospatial operation.
Regards
SBL GEOMATICS
Article By : RARIMA N S
To describe it now, georeferencing is a process of taking an image and assigning geographic coordinates to it or to georeference something means to define its existence in the physical space by establishing a relation between raster or vector images to map projections or coordinate systems. When data from different sources need to be compiled and used in any GIS application, it is important to have a common referencing system. This is brought about by using various georeferencing techniques.
The process of georeferencing
Georeferencing usually refers to the method by which locations in raster and vector GIS files are related to real earth-surface positions.
Raster data is often taken by scanning maps or collecting aerial photographs and satellite images. Scanned map datasets usually do not have any spatial reference information. The location information delivered with aerial photography and satellite imagery might be inadequate and the data need not align correctly with some other data you possess.
In order to use some raster datasets in conjunction with other spatial data, you sometimes need to align or georeference them to a map coordinate system which can be defines using a map projection to display the curved surface of the earth on a flat surface.
Georeference a raster dataset means defining its location using map coordinates and assigning a coordinate system. This process allows it to be viewed, queried, and analyzed in comparison with other geographic data.
How can you georeference a raster dataset?
Add the raster dataset to be aligned to your projected data in ArcMap.
Add control points that connect known raster dataset positions to the map coordinate positions.
When the alignment becomes correct, save the georeferencing information (registration) for further use.
Though Geomatics users are familiar with the term ‘georeferening’, many of the CAD users are not much aware of the term and the use of georeferencing in CAD.
Why is it needed?
A raster image has no particular size as it is made up of pixels. The size of the vectorised CAD/GIS drawing is determined by the raster's pixel dimensions, without georeferencing. The image resolution (DPI) can determine this. This image size usually has no relationship with the size of the drawing that the raster represents.
A CAD file is usually drawn in a local coordinate system and depicts spatial information which can be drawn accurately without being fixed to a higher global coordinate system. However, when the drawing needs to be related to a higher level in a mapping context with data from many different sources, tools in ArcMap can easily reposition a CAD file and integrate it into that higher level without altering the CAD file.
First thing is to find out two points on the CAD file that matches with two points in the map for which we can use the Georeferencing toolbar in ArcMap.
Different tools on the toolbar can support different workflows and below listed is an easy way to describe georeferencing a CAD file.
First step is to load the CAD drawing and ensure that one of the CAD feature layers are listed in the drop down menu of the georeferencing toolbar.
Zooming to the place roughly on the map where the CAD drawing is to be related is the next step. You can use the ‘fit to display’ tool on the menu to fix the CAD file in the map frame.
ArcMap snapping helps accurate placement of the CAD file which makes precise selection of control points based on existing geometry. Use the ‘rotate’ tool if the CAD file needs to be rotated to get the drawing nearer to its final position. This enables easy picking of control points.
You can use the interactive scaling tool also for the above mentioned reason.
Now when you select the ‘update georeferencing’ option, this creates a .WLD file that will be read from now on to put your CAD file in the right place.
Finally, the coordinates are always adjusted into this position. Now you can select a coordinate system for your CAD drawing so that you can assign or project its coordinates with reference to the map or during any other geospatial operation.
Regards
SBL GEOMATICS
Article By : RARIMA N S
Thursday, January 29, 2009
Ortho/Orthorectification process
In the areas of GIS data acquisition, visualization and general mapping,
digital satellite imagery and aerial photographs have a significant place.
Photographs obviously provide a solid visual effect. Imperceptible spatial concepts are more clearly understood by viewing the photographs. These are not photographs taken by ordinary cameras. These are very professional high-end cameras with higher zoom and clarity.
Another important role of these photos is to provide a foundation for collecting the spatial information needed. Data in the form of the satellite images or aerial photographs must be taken without any distortions, if you need to gather information useful for a mapping or GIS system in the case of roads, marine forms or vegetation.
This process of correcting the distortions of a satellite image of aerial photograph is called Orthophoto rectification .This process allows you to make direct and precise measurements of areas, distances, angles, positions etc.
Why an aerial photograph needs correction?
The main challenge of an aerial photograph compared to a non-aerial photograph is that an aerial photograph needs perspective correction. An aerial photo is usually captured at an angle to the object being photographed. Here, the perspective of the photograph will be incorrect with near objects compared to distant objects. By perspective correction, the objects in the image and the real world will have equal size.
Process of Orthophoto rectification service
As topographical variations in earth’s surface and the tilt of the satellite or the aerial sensors can affect the display of the features on the satellite or aerial image with regard to their distance. The image distortion will be more as the topographical diversity of the landscape is more.
Image data acquired by airborne and satellite image sensors are affected by systematic sensor and platform-induced geometry errors, which introduce terrain distortions when the image sensor is not pointing directly at the Nadir location of the sensor.
There can be hundreds of meters of terrain displacement. Image data over an area with at least a kilometer of vertical relief, with the sensor having an elevation angle of 60° (30° from Nadir), the image output will have nearly 600 meters of terrain displacement.
Errors in setting the reference elevation can cause further terrain displacement. Other than this, low elevation angles of images, imperfect terrain models, and inconsistency of sensor azimuth and elevation angles within an image alters the accuracy potential if image orthorectification is attempted. To overcome this defect, high elevation angles of the sensor is used with new high resolution satellite image of irregular terrain.
Creation of digital elevation model (DEM)
For the accurate removal of the image distortions, a digital elevation model (DEM) is used to make image orthorectification or Ortho mosaicing. The requisite DEM can be produced by semi-automatic DEM extraction software from stereo satellite scenes obtained by the QuickBird, IKONOS, SPOT-5, or ASTER satellite sensors, and stereo aerial photography.
In situations where higher mapping accuracy standards are required, the DEM is extracted from the already existing topographic maps with reference to a standard scale or collected using stereo satellite image data.
To obtain this accuracy standard, adequate GPS-derived ground control points (GCPs) are necessary. Other remote sensing techniques can also be used such as radar interferometry or LIDAR.
When a particular vector data needs to be extracted from satellite or aerial image data by raster-to-vector translation, the process of orthorectification of the remotely sensed image data can rectify all digital images of geological, environmental, topographic or any other source map which will be used in the GIS Mapping service environment.
For more informations visit SBL Geomatics
digital satellite imagery and aerial photographs have a significant place.
Photographs obviously provide a solid visual effect. Imperceptible spatial concepts are more clearly understood by viewing the photographs. These are not photographs taken by ordinary cameras. These are very professional high-end cameras with higher zoom and clarity.
Another important role of these photos is to provide a foundation for collecting the spatial information needed. Data in the form of the satellite images or aerial photographs must be taken without any distortions, if you need to gather information useful for a mapping or GIS system in the case of roads, marine forms or vegetation.
This process of correcting the distortions of a satellite image of aerial photograph is called Orthophoto rectification .This process allows you to make direct and precise measurements of areas, distances, angles, positions etc.
Why an aerial photograph needs correction?
The main challenge of an aerial photograph compared to a non-aerial photograph is that an aerial photograph needs perspective correction. An aerial photo is usually captured at an angle to the object being photographed. Here, the perspective of the photograph will be incorrect with near objects compared to distant objects. By perspective correction, the objects in the image and the real world will have equal size.
Process of Orthophoto rectification service
As topographical variations in earth’s surface and the tilt of the satellite or the aerial sensors can affect the display of the features on the satellite or aerial image with regard to their distance. The image distortion will be more as the topographical diversity of the landscape is more.
Image data acquired by airborne and satellite image sensors are affected by systematic sensor and platform-induced geometry errors, which introduce terrain distortions when the image sensor is not pointing directly at the Nadir location of the sensor.
There can be hundreds of meters of terrain displacement. Image data over an area with at least a kilometer of vertical relief, with the sensor having an elevation angle of 60° (30° from Nadir), the image output will have nearly 600 meters of terrain displacement.
Errors in setting the reference elevation can cause further terrain displacement. Other than this, low elevation angles of images, imperfect terrain models, and inconsistency of sensor azimuth and elevation angles within an image alters the accuracy potential if image orthorectification is attempted. To overcome this defect, high elevation angles of the sensor is used with new high resolution satellite image of irregular terrain.
Creation of digital elevation model (DEM)
For the accurate removal of the image distortions, a digital elevation model (DEM) is used to make image orthorectification or Ortho mosaicing. The requisite DEM can be produced by semi-automatic DEM extraction software from stereo satellite scenes obtained by the QuickBird, IKONOS, SPOT-5, or ASTER satellite sensors, and stereo aerial photography.
In situations where higher mapping accuracy standards are required, the DEM is extracted from the already existing topographic maps with reference to a standard scale or collected using stereo satellite image data.
To obtain this accuracy standard, adequate GPS-derived ground control points (GCPs) are necessary. Other remote sensing techniques can also be used such as radar interferometry or LIDAR.
When a particular vector data needs to be extracted from satellite or aerial image data by raster-to-vector translation, the process of orthorectification of the remotely sensed image data can rectify all digital images of geological, environmental, topographic or any other source map which will be used in the GIS Mapping service environment.
For more informations visit SBL Geomatics
Ornithology and GIS
During spring, flocks of migratory wading birds arrive from their natural habitat, which would be usually intolerably cool during winter, to a critical non-breeding habitat on the tropical places.
Protection of these migratory birds is a concern that needs real attention. Some of these birds from northern hemisphere fly more than 20,000 km a year in search of a suitable dwelling place for survival during the winter season.
The use of GIS and remote sensing technology can be used as an integral part to trace the migrating location of these birds from field mapping to reporting of the location.
One tip to find the birds of migration is to identify their food habit. This would give an idea of their prospective migrating location with regard to the availability of the specific food.
For instance, if we take the birds that usually migrate from Siberia to the tropical North coast of Australia. These migratory birds feed on small animals that live in mud such as crabs, snails and worms. These birds naturally migrate to the area of low muddy lands of Australia to feed and refill their energy for their journey back to their natural habitat.
Using compatible and innovative GPS units and enough field staff, samples can be collected from various points of the expected area of migration by producing progress maps and occasional species maps. By these procedures, even the presence of any new species in the area also can be identified.
To cite another example, some migratory birds have time and again halted in Malaysia during their roosting season that usually lasts from November to March because of its Matang Mangrove Forest.
The arrival of these migratory birds was observed by The Department of Wildlife and National Parks and they have decided to create a GIS database in order to study the biodiversity and sustainability of migratory birds.
Finally, they made a GIS database for the migratory birds and conducted an overall analysis on the captured data. The methodology run from need assessment to data collection, database development and system integration. This finally resulted in an analysis on the trends of bird migration, the properties of ecosystem, environment sensitivity analysis and spatial statistic analysis on the distribution of the migratory birds.
As already mentioned, the resultant migratory bird’s database contain statistical results on the trend of bird migration which in turn helped to identify the endangered species of migratory birds. When the endangered species are classified, measures and procedures for the maintenance of the mangrove areas are taken.
The database of the migratory birds with reference to the diversity and sustainability of the birds can been developed using ArcView 3.2, MapObject 2.0, Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0, AutoCadMap 2.0 and S-Plus 2000.
Regards
Geospatial services
Article By: RARIMA N S
Protection of these migratory birds is a concern that needs real attention. Some of these birds from northern hemisphere fly more than 20,000 km a year in search of a suitable dwelling place for survival during the winter season.
The use of GIS and remote sensing technology can be used as an integral part to trace the migrating location of these birds from field mapping to reporting of the location.
One tip to find the birds of migration is to identify their food habit. This would give an idea of their prospective migrating location with regard to the availability of the specific food.
For instance, if we take the birds that usually migrate from Siberia to the tropical North coast of Australia. These migratory birds feed on small animals that live in mud such as crabs, snails and worms. These birds naturally migrate to the area of low muddy lands of Australia to feed and refill their energy for their journey back to their natural habitat.
Using compatible and innovative GPS units and enough field staff, samples can be collected from various points of the expected area of migration by producing progress maps and occasional species maps. By these procedures, even the presence of any new species in the area also can be identified.
To cite another example, some migratory birds have time and again halted in Malaysia during their roosting season that usually lasts from November to March because of its Matang Mangrove Forest.
The arrival of these migratory birds was observed by The Department of Wildlife and National Parks and they have decided to create a GIS database in order to study the biodiversity and sustainability of migratory birds.
Finally, they made a GIS database for the migratory birds and conducted an overall analysis on the captured data. The methodology run from need assessment to data collection, database development and system integration. This finally resulted in an analysis on the trends of bird migration, the properties of ecosystem, environment sensitivity analysis and spatial statistic analysis on the distribution of the migratory birds.
As already mentioned, the resultant migratory bird’s database contain statistical results on the trend of bird migration which in turn helped to identify the endangered species of migratory birds. When the endangered species are classified, measures and procedures for the maintenance of the mangrove areas are taken.
The database of the migratory birds with reference to the diversity and sustainability of the birds can been developed using ArcView 3.2, MapObject 2.0, Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0, AutoCadMap 2.0 and S-Plus 2000.
Regards
Geospatial services
Article By: RARIMA N S
Tuesday, November 18, 2008
Advantages of Using GIS Services in Oil & Gas | Petroleum industry
The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is gathering momentum in Oil and petroleum industry as a powerful tool for analyzing and displaying data.
Geomatics services can be applied in various stages during the development of projects, including: Petroleum Exploration, Production, Managing Facilities & Pipeline Management
Petroleum Exploration:
Gis facilitates the analysis and integration of a lot of different types of data such as satellite imagery, seismic surveys, digital aerial photo mosaics, surface geology studies, subsurface and cross section interpretations and images, well locations, and existing infrastructure information.Combined Image Processing can reveal underground Geological Information.The remote sensing detection of petroleum is based on the characteristic analogy and analysis of remote sensing information from known oil fields. The thinking way is as follows: micro-seeping of hydrocarbon- ground effect- remote sensing detection is certainly gainful. Exploration software and GIS are essential for geologists searching for petroleum and mineral deposits.
One specific exploration application involves the creation of reconnaissance maps. Uses of GIS in exploitation projects are perhaps more varied because exploitation evaluation typically deals with more extensive data sets than those typically used in exploration settings. Exploitation approaches are generally applied to mature producing areas where well control is dense, whereas exploration projects may not involve any wells at all. GIS is a particularly effective technology that enables exploration and exploitation teams to share information, analyze data in new ways, and integrate the evaluation process.
Production:
Innovative GIS technology is ideally suited for the overlay analysis of geographic, infrastructure, business conditions, and environmental factors and which can be integrated with other business risk or economic business planning engines to provide a focused business solution tool set.
Managing Facilities:
A large integrated oil company must keep track of every minute detail from drilling platforms to pipeline networks and to refineries for their advancement in this highly competitive business area. Geospatial information can be aptly used to map the gathering and transmission of products to a facility.
Pipeline Management :
Geomatics programs can be utilized to monitor the condition and flow of pipelines and determine the best pipeline locations to transport oil off the fields and to the refineries. Pipeline Management is a process by which you continually evaluate your active opportunities (from prospects to booked customer) for their balance of QUANTITY and QUALITY.
Some of the GIS solutions currently offered by SBL In Oil and Petroleum Industry:
1. 3D Modeling
2. Photogrammetry
3. Lidar Data Processing
4. GPS Navigation
5. Corporate GIS data management
6. Map production and presentation
7. Digital Elevation Modeling and Hydrological Modeling
8. Environmental sensitivity analysis and modeling
9. Network analysis
10.Pipeline route optimization and pipeline leakage risk
11.Internet mapping and image web server solutions
12.Work flow analysis
13.Conversion of data to GIS format
14.Linkage of oil spill model to GIS.
15.Retail market analysis.
16.Distribution analysis.
17.Market pattern analysis by demographics.
19.CAD Drafting and Designing
20.CAD to GIS conversion
Retail outlet supply routing and many more…
We hope you found it useful. For more information about the applications of GIS Services in various sectors Please visit the following link.
Gis Service Provider
Geomatics services can be applied in various stages during the development of projects, including: Petroleum Exploration, Production, Managing Facilities & Pipeline Management
Petroleum Exploration:
Gis facilitates the analysis and integration of a lot of different types of data such as satellite imagery, seismic surveys, digital aerial photo mosaics, surface geology studies, subsurface and cross section interpretations and images, well locations, and existing infrastructure information.Combined Image Processing can reveal underground Geological Information.The remote sensing detection of petroleum is based on the characteristic analogy and analysis of remote sensing information from known oil fields. The thinking way is as follows: micro-seeping of hydrocarbon- ground effect- remote sensing detection is certainly gainful. Exploration software and GIS are essential for geologists searching for petroleum and mineral deposits.
One specific exploration application involves the creation of reconnaissance maps. Uses of GIS in exploitation projects are perhaps more varied because exploitation evaluation typically deals with more extensive data sets than those typically used in exploration settings. Exploitation approaches are generally applied to mature producing areas where well control is dense, whereas exploration projects may not involve any wells at all. GIS is a particularly effective technology that enables exploration and exploitation teams to share information, analyze data in new ways, and integrate the evaluation process.
Production:
Innovative GIS technology is ideally suited for the overlay analysis of geographic, infrastructure, business conditions, and environmental factors and which can be integrated with other business risk or economic business planning engines to provide a focused business solution tool set.
Managing Facilities:
A large integrated oil company must keep track of every minute detail from drilling platforms to pipeline networks and to refineries for their advancement in this highly competitive business area. Geospatial information can be aptly used to map the gathering and transmission of products to a facility.
Pipeline Management :
Geomatics programs can be utilized to monitor the condition and flow of pipelines and determine the best pipeline locations to transport oil off the fields and to the refineries. Pipeline Management is a process by which you continually evaluate your active opportunities (from prospects to booked customer) for their balance of QUANTITY and QUALITY.
Some of the GIS solutions currently offered by SBL In Oil and Petroleum Industry:
1. 3D Modeling
2. Photogrammetry
3. Lidar Data Processing
4. GPS Navigation
5. Corporate GIS data management
6. Map production and presentation
7. Digital Elevation Modeling and Hydrological Modeling
8. Environmental sensitivity analysis and modeling
9. Network analysis
10.Pipeline route optimization and pipeline leakage risk
11.Internet mapping and image web server solutions
12.Work flow analysis
13.Conversion of data to GIS format
14.Linkage of oil spill model to GIS.
15.Retail market analysis.
16.Distribution analysis.
17.Market pattern analysis by demographics.
19.CAD Drafting and Designing
20.CAD to GIS conversion
Retail outlet supply routing and many more…
We hope you found it useful. For more information about the applications of GIS Services in various sectors Please visit the following link.
Gis Service Provider
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